![]() Morphological treatment of diphthongs is essentially similar to long vowels. In non-initial syllables, it is ambiguous if long vowels are vowel clusters poems written in the Kalevala meter often syllabicate between the vowels, and an (etymologically original) intervocalic -h- is seen in that and some modern dialects ( taivaan vs. In some cases, it is caused by a following chroneme, which is etymologically a consonant: jää "ice" ← Proto-Uralic * jäŋe. In Finnic languages, such as Finnish, the simplest example follows from consonant gradation: haka → haan. In some languages, vowel length is sometimes better analyzed as a sequence of two identical vowels. ![]() In languages such as Czech, Finnish, some Irish dialects and Classical Latin, vowel length is distinctive also in unstressed syllables. Finnish, a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel: i-s o.Īmong the languages with distinctive vowel length, there are some in which it may occur only in stressed syllables, such as in Alemannic German, Scottish Gaelic and Egyptian Arabic. For example, French long vowels are always in stressed syllables. Stress is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is lexical. Some languages that do not ordinarily have phonemic vowel length but permit vowel hiatus may similarly exhibit sequences of identical vowel phonemes that yield phonetically long vowels, such as Georgian გააადვილებ, "you will facilitate it". However, languages with two vowel lengths may permit words in which two adjacent vowels are of the same quality: Japanese hōō, "phoenix", or Ancient Greek ἀάατος, "inviolable". Very few languages distinguish three phonemic vowel lengths some that do so are Estonian, Luiseño, and Mixe. Languages that do distinguish vowel length phonemically usually only distinguish between short vowels and long vowels. However, the amount of time a vowel is uttered can change based on factors such as the phonetic characteristics of the sounds around it, for instance whether the vowel is followed by a voiced or a voiceless consonant. Many languages do not distinguish vowel length phonemically, meaning that vowel length does not change meaning. It also plays a lesser phonetic role in Cantonese, unlike in other varieties of Chinese, which do not have phonemic vowel length distinctions. While vowel length alone does not change word meaning in most dialects of modern English, it is said to do so in a few dialects, such as Australian English, Lunenburg English, New Zealand English, and South African English. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in Arabic, Estonian, Finnish, Fijian, Japanese, Kannada, Kyrgyz, Latin, Malayalam, Old English, Scottish Gaelic, and Vietnamese. ![]() In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration.
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